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Windrush Month 2024 'Celebrating the Caribbean pioneers of the 1940s & 1950s' - exploring the lives and stories of the the early Caribbean people who came to Britain after the 2WW. As Windrush Day approaches, let us reflect on the immense achievements and inspiring stories of the early and pioneering Windrush generation of the 1940s and 1950s, who paved the way for all POC immigrants who followed in their footsteps. One such significant figure is David Pitt, Baron Pitt of Hampstead, who committed his life to medicine and politics while battling vehemently against racism and discrimination. Pitt was born in St David’s Parish, Grenada in 1913. He first visited the UK as a Grenada representative at the World Scout Jamboree in Northern England in 1929, when he was only 15. At his secondary school, the Grenada Boys Secondary School, where he won the Island Scholarship in 1932, and returned to the UK to study medicine at the University of Scotland. It was here that he developed his political perspectives and was an active member of the Edinburgh University Socialist Society. Edinburgh was in the grips of the Depression when Pitt arrived. He witnessed the poverty of the working classes in the slums of Edinburgh and saw similarities to the poverty of the rural communities in Grenada. It profoundly shaped his worldview and he said it made him a socialist. Nicholas Rea, in the British Medical Journal, summarised Pitt’s political development: “It was in the slums of Edinburgh as much as in the Caribbean that [Lord David Pitt] became convinced of the links between poverty, disadvantage, and ill health”. For Lord Pitt, access to medical support was inseparable from social and political factors – a view he maintained throughout his life. In 1936, David Pitt joined the Labour Party, and as a member of the University of Edinburgh Socialist Society, became the First Junior President of the Students’ Representative Council, the co-founding body of what is now the Edinburgh University Students Association (EUSA). He participated in Edinburgh University and UK national politics, both of which helped shape his views on Caribbean independence and politics. In 1938 Pitt graduated with a Bachelor of Medicine (MB) and Bachelor of Surgery (ChB) and moved back to the Caribbean to begin his medical career. His first job was as a District Medical Officer in Saint Vincent, followed two years later by a position in Trinidad as a house physician at San Fernando  Hospital. By the end of 1941, he had set up his own General Practice (GP) in San Fernando and was elected to serve on the local town council until 1947. The 1940s were fundamental years for politics in Trinidad and Tobago. The 2WW had ended and the countries of the Caribbean wanted their independence and the right to rule their nation’s affairs. Pitt joined the struggle and in 1943, he co-founded and was the leader of the West Indian National Party (WINP) – a socialist party whose main aim was to deliver political autonomy across the Caribbean. He believed “the whole of the Caribbean, not just any one island, [to be] his home and his political responsibility.” Under Pitt, the party demanded self-government for Trinidad and Tobago, constitutional reform, and the nationalisation of commodities industries such as oil and sugar. After decades of campaigning, to which Pitt contributed, Trinidad and Tobago were granted universal adult suffrage by the British Parliament in 1945. The following year, Trinidad and Tobago held its first public election. Pitt ran as a candidate for the United Front, made up of the WNIP and others, but was unsuccessful. Caribbean politicians and voters, unlike British Caribbean ones, did not uniformly envision a Federation of independent states like David Pitt’s party and many of the region’s trade unionists and intellectuals. (1) Nonetheless, Pitt did not give up on his political activism and “in 1947 led a group of WINP members to Britain to lobby the Clement Attlee Government for Commonwealth status for a Federation of the West Indies.” Finally disillusioned with the trajectory of mainstream Caribbean politics, David Pitt ended up settling in North London, England, in November 1947 with his wife Dorothy Elaine Alleyne, whom he had married in 1943, and their children Bruce, Phyllis, and Amanda. (1) After working as a medical assistant in Chiswick, London, to a Black doctor from Barbados who introduced him to the challenges of practicing as a medic of African descent, in 1950 David Pitt opened his surgery in Euston which treated both black and white patients. Through his medical practice, he made the political contacts that led him to a renewed involvement with the Labour Party. Because the Second World War had created a workforce shortage in the United Kingdom, the British government encouraged people from its former colonies to come and work there. The British Nationality Act of 1948 allowed persons from the then-British Empire to become citizens and live in the United Kingdom. Many West Indians were drawn to what was thought of as the motherland in quest of better opportunities. As a result, African-Caribbean immigration to Britain increased, and because the British government lacked a formal integration policy for these newcomers, many were met with hostility from the local population, in the form of racial abuse and discrimination in housing, employment, and social activities. Groups like Oswald Mosley’s Union Movement and other far-right groups such as the White Defence League, fuelled tensions by using flyers and wall graffiti to promote a message to keep Britain white (KBW). This resulted in an increase in violent attacks on Black people (men and women), particularly during the summer of 1958, known as the Notting Hill Race Riots of 1958. After delivering a brilliant speech at the 1957 Labour Party Conference, he was asked to run as a Labour Party candidate for the north London constituency of Hampstead in the 1959 General Election. He was the first person of African-Caribbean descent to stand as an MP. Right-wing media outlets accused him of not deserving the candidacy, merely justifiable for The Daily Mirror as an act of “fashionable liberalism” (i.e. political correctness in today’s language) (Arnold, 2014). This was, however, only the tip of the iceberg. But this was only the tip of the iceberg. The extent of the racist discrimination David Pitt faced as a parliamentary candidate in 1959 general election reached dramatically higher levels. Over the course of the 1959 election, Oswald Mosley, a 1930s Member of Parliament known for founding and leading the British Union of Fascists, waged an aggressive campaign against Pitt, the first Black parliamentary candidate in Britain (Granger, 2007). Mosley supporters disrupted Pitt’s political hustings and heckled him with their slogan of ‘Keep Britain White.’ Fights broke out and Pitt was forced to seek police support after death threats and a barrage of abusive “go home N***r” phone calls were made to his home. Mosley was standing for the London constituency of Kensington North and based his campaign on anti-immigration propaganda, calling for the immediate repatriation of Caribbean immigrants.  David Pitt and his family became the target of death threats and anti-Black marches organised on Hampstead. The violence culminated in the firebombing of 200 Gower Street, which at the time housed the anti-apartheid and Caribbean independence movements, students of Africa House , and David and his wife Dorothy’s surgery (Arnold, 2014). (1) Pitt believed that Parliament was the best route to achieve social change. He went toe to toe with Oswald Mosley and the “White Defence League” in 1950s Notting Hill, demanding that legislation be made to make “incitement to racial hatred illegal”. He espoused radical solutions to avert tensions – such as police forces recruiting more black officers. He lost his seat to a Tory opponent, but his political career was far from done. Two years later, in 1961, he was elected to the London County Council (LCC), which was later replaced by the Greater London Council (GLC). He represented Hackney and became the GLC's first Black chairman in 1971. After experiencing mistreatment during the 1959 general election, Pitt co-founded the Campaign Against Racial Discrimination in 1964. He believed that change should often come from within the system, understanding that different situations required different approaches. In UK politics, he felt a peaceful, diplomatic strategy was necessary to address racist barriers, unlike the tactics needed in apartheid South Africa. (1) However, after meeting Martin Luther King in December 1964, Pitt realized he could take more direct action to help Black and minority ethnic communities in the UK. In January 1965, he co-founded and chaired the Campaign Against Racial Discrimination (CARD) , which united the efforts of various groups, including the Federation of Pakistani Organisations, the Indian Workers Association, and the West Indian Standing Committee. (1) Pitt’s second attempt to be elected as an MP came in 1970, when he was the Labour Party candidate for Clapham. This time around he decided to stick to “conventional Labour issues” such as poor transport and the health service. Fears of bloodshed were soon quashed as the Conservative candidate opted to avoid the issue of race and the National Front devoted its energy to other seats.  The Times  newspaper was confident that “his record lends support to the idea that he is being accepted in Clapham as a Labour man rather than a black man.” (2) But this time, Pitt had to contend with the rhetoric of the then-Tory MP Enoch Powell, who dominated headlines with his call for a "halt to immigration." His divisive views gained traction in Clapham, with The Guardian newspaper reporting that a worker from Battersea power station claimed 65% of his colleagues "agree with Mr. Powell," adding, "Having fought for England, I think it should be a white man who does this job." Labour’s Tribune shared stories of activists facing chants of "Enoch, Enoch, Enoch" and noted that Labour voters were not turning up. (2) Although Clapham was regarded as a safe Labour seat, Pitt faced a substantial 10.2% swing against him, more than doubling the rates recorded in surrounding areas and the national average. Labour's vote share fell by 11%, and the Conservatives won the seat. Racism was once again a major factor in his electoral failure. Pitt went to the BBC election night studio, where Robin Day asked if he thought his defeat was due to racial prejudice. He responded amicably, suggesting that it was mainly because “people hadn’t had the chance to get to know me.” Later, he wrote, “Race played only a small part in my defeat, and it would be a disservice to the community to think otherwise.”(2) Labour activists were less convinced. In the days after the election, the South London Press uncovered a leaflet sent to “electors with coloured families as neighbors” by an unknown protest group. The leaflet read, “If you want a coloured for a neighbour, vote Labour. If you’re already burdened with one, vote Conservative,” and urged support for the Tories to modernize the “Ministry of Repatriation.” (2) The source of the leaflet and its impact on the campaign remain unclear. Ultimately, Labour decided not to investigate further, with Pitt insisting it was not an official Conservative leaflet. Many suspected it was linked to the National Front, but a spokesperson denied this, saying, “Our name is always proudly printed on our propaganda.” (2) The loss meant that Pitt never stood in another general election. In 1975, Prime Minister Harold Wilson recommended Pitt's appointment to the House of Lords as a life peer. He was officially made Baron Pitt of Hampstead, of Hampstead in Greater London and Hampstead in Grenada, on February 3, 1975, becoming the second peer of African-Caribbean heritage after Sir Learie Constantine . As a member of the House of Lords, he was instrumental in advocating for the Race Relations Act 1976 and was vocal on topics like immigration policy. During a debate on June 24, 1976, he remarked: "...it is a myth, that the fewer the numbers [of black immigrants] the better the quality of race relations. That is a myth, and it is a myth that has inspired the 1962 Commonwealth Immigrants Act, the Immigration White Paper of August 1965 and the Immigration Acts of 1968 and 1971. It is designed to placate the racialists, but it is a fallacy; for to the racialist or the anti-semite the only acceptable number is nought. The proof of what I am saying can be seen in the fact that the National Front admit that their major support lies in areas near to but not in areas of high coloured concentration. The reason for that is that ignorance leads to fear. Thus, when a person fears that his next door neighbour will in future be coloured he wants immigration stopped. However, you will find that the least hostility to coloured people is found among the whites who live next to, shop with, travel with, work with and play with coloured persons."  (4) Lord Pitt died in 1994. In his obituary, his friend Joan Lestor said that Pitt was described as a Black radical for suggesting that more ethnic minorities apply to become police officers; this, ironically, enraged many in the Black community who believed that the police were institutionally racist. Pitt is cited as saying: "Some Black people consider me an Uncle Tom, while some whites consider me a Black Power revolutionary. So, I think I got it about correct." Pitt was never elected as an MP. But he had a successful career as chair of the GLC, president of the British Medical Association, and as Lord Pitt of Hampstead, but his name is now virtually forgotten. Instead, the names of Bernie Grant, Diane Abbott, and Paul Boateng - who achieved the historic electoral feat of becoming the first Black MPs seventeen years later – will live on over time. As we commemorate Windrush Day and reflect on the stories of resilience and achievement within the Windrush generation, let us not forget the individuals like David Pitt, Baron Pitt of Hampstead, whose contributions have significantly impacted the fabric of British society. Their stories deserve to be celebrated and remembered as we strive for a more inclusive and diverse future. Sources: David Pitt | Global ( ed.ac.uk ) (1) Fifty years on: the battle to elect Britain’s first black MP | Anthony Broxton | The Critic Magazine (2) Obituaries: Lord Pitt of Hampstead | The Independent | The Independent (3) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Pitt,_Baron_Pitt_of_Hampstead (4) https://news.google.com/newspapers ?id=OpktAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1JwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4767,4023938&dq=david-pitt&hl=en (5) Arnold, J, 2014, Echoes of Our Past: a series of reflections on prominent black people (6)

There are lots of creative ways your school can recognise Black History Month UK beyond school assemblies and we've come up with a few ideas. Black History Month UK is an opportunity to ensure that all young people, no matter their background, learn about the contributions of Black Britons to UK History. As David Olusoga said:“this is our national story, this is British history, it belongs to all of us.” 1. Here's how your school can participate in this year's Black History Month UK Take part in our Celebrating our Changemakers campaign by getting your classes to research and create a visual installation using the eight individuals from this year's campaign: Olaudah Equiano, Diane Abbott, Len Garrison, Stella Thomas, Henry Sylvester Williams, Marion Patrick Jones, Obi Egbuna and Connie Mark. For young children, you may want to look at Black Britons from different time periods and we suggest you check out our Black to the Past and Before Windrush campaigns for inspiration. We’re encouraging all schools and colleges to send us a picture or video of your installations by tagging us on any of our social media sites. 2. Try our #BHMFamilies selfie challenge Get your pupils to bring in a picture or item that reflects a family tradition and use this as a talking point to discuss the contributions of Black Britons to UK history and culture. You could explore cultural events such as the Notting Hill Carnival and why it started; explore how the British diet has changed over the years with the introduction of new foods like Jollof Rice and Jerk Chicken; and the British music scene by exploring new musical genres such as Lovers Rock, Jungle, and Grime. 3. Take part in our #BHMLandmarks challenge You could organise a class trip to explore your locality to take a picture of statues and plaques that recognise the achievements of African and Caribbean heritage people in the UK. You can find information on the whereabouts of statues and plaques on the websites of Nubian Jak and the English Heritage or the Black London: History, Arts & Culture book . Post your pictures with the hashtag #bhmlandmarks and tag us on any of our social media accounts. 4. Virtually visit the Black Cultural Archives (BCA) and explore key events in British History The Black Cultural Archives has lots of resources covering different time periods in British history including Black Abolitionists in Georgian London, Victorian Britons of African heritage whose work significantly impacted the arts, science and technology, and the Windrush generations who campaigned for legislative change that transformed the lives of all British migrants. 5. Turn your classroom into a living museum to celebrate the lives of past and living Black Britons Have your students choose a notable Black British pioneer they'd like to know more about, such as Georgian writer Ignatius Sancho , Victorian circus owner Pablo Fanque , Henry VIII's trumpeter John Blanke , or Dr Harold Moody who campaigned against racism in Edwardian Britain and provided free medical care to the poorer members of his local community before the establishment of NHS. Then using their research, have them create a living museum in your classroom. They can create posters and do presentations to show what they've learned through their research. Our website is a great way to start your research or you can review resources from the Black Curriculm , Young Historians Project , BCA , Museum of London , BBC bitesize , The National Archives, and Yorkshire Museum . 6. Remember that UK Black History isn't confined to a month At its core, Black History Month UK is about celebrating and recognising the contributions of Britons left out of mainstream UK history. We advise that you avoid emotive subjects like the Atlantic Slave Trade (perhaps tackle the topic during August when International Slavery Remembrance Day is marked) and focus on British rather than African American History during the month. We hope that you choose to participate in any of the activities we've suggested for your school to carry out during Black History Month UK. But do remember this month is also an opportunity for educators to start diversifying the curriculum for the rest of the academic year. Teachers can make sure that all disabilities, ethnicities and social classes are represented in reading materials and artwork in all subjects all year round. Happy Black History Month UK!

The story of the abolitionist movement in Britain often focuses on prominent white advocates like William Wilberforce and Thomas Clarkson. However, central to this movement were Black abolitionists, many of whom were formerly enslaved. At the forefront was a group known as the Sons of Africa , who campaigned tirelessly to end the transatlantic slave trade and improve the lives of people of African descent. Formed in the late 18th century in London, this group included prominent figures like Olaudah Equiano and Ottobah Cugoano, who advocated for freedom, justice, and equality through writings, speeches, and political lobbying. The Sons of Africa played a significant role in shaping British abolitionism, influencing laws and public opinion, and taking part in landmark cases and legislative efforts such as the 1788 Slave Act and the infamous Zong massacre case. The Sons of Africa were a pioneering collective of Black men in Britain, many of whom had endured enslavement firsthand before securing their freedom. Among their leaders, Equiano and Cugoano were vocal and influential figures who used their writings and public advocacy to reveal the brutalities of slavery. They worked to change British public opinion on the transatlantic slave trade, harnessing their own stories and moral authority to challenge racial discrimination and human rights abuses. Through their activism, the Sons of Africa played a central role in the fight for abolition, providing a rare and powerful voice for Black agency in a predominantly white movement. The group operated at a time when racist ideologies were deeply entrenched in British society, and Black individuals were widely seen as inferior. These men, who had lived through the horrors of slavery, offered authentic perspectives that could not be dismissed or ignored. By addressing Parliament, corresponding with powerful abolitionists, and reaching out to the public through writings and lectures, the Sons of Africa created an enduring impact that contributed to the passage of critical legislation and helped shift the social and political landscape in Britain. The group was led by Olaudah Equiano and Ottobah Cugoano , members included Jasper Goree, George Robert Mandeville, James Bailey, William Stevens, Joseph Almaze, Boughwa Gegansmel, Cojoh Ammere, and several others. One of the most significant achievements of the Sons of Africa was their role in lobbying for the passage of the 1788 Slave Act, also known as the Dolben Act. In 1788, Olaudah Equiano personally lobbied the House of Commons in support of William Dolben’s bill, which aimed to regulate the horrific conditions on slave ships. This legislation proposed limits on the number of enslaved Africans who could be transported on each ship, based on the vessel’s tonnage. The act was the first British legislation to place any form of regulatory limit on the trade, highlighting the dangerous and inhumane overcrowding on slave ships. Equiano’s influence was crucial to this effort. Drawing from his own experience and the testimonies of others, he emphasised the suffering endured by enslaved Africans during the Middle Passage. The testimonies of Equiano and his peers forced British lawmakers to confront the conditions on slave ships, marking a pivotal shift in legislative attitudes. The Dolben Act, though limited in scope, set a precedent for future reforms and demonstrated that the voices of Black abolitionists could indeed impact British law. The Sons of Africa were also involved in two critical legal battles that influenced British views on slavery: the case of the Zong massacre and the Somerset case. 1. The Zong Massacre Case: In 1781, the crew of the British slave ship Zong threw 132 enslaved Africans overboard to conserve dwindling supplies and later sought insurance compensation for “lost cargo.” The massacre came to public attention in 1783, sparking outrage among abolitionists. While the British courts ultimately framed the case as a dispute over insurance claims, the public outcry was undeniable. Equiano and other Sons of Africa members were active in keeping this story in the public eye, speaking out against the treatment of enslaved Africans as property and demanding accountability. The case became a focal point for the abolitionist movement and underscored the moral imperative of ending slavery. 2. The Somerset Case: The 1772 Somerset v. Stewart case was another landmark event, involving an enslaved man named James Somerset who sought his freedom after being brought to England. The Sons of Africa, alongside other abolitionists, supported Somerset’s fight, which resulted in a ruling by Lord Mansfield that slavery had no basis in English law. While this decision did not abolish slavery outright, it discouraged the practice within Britain, creating hope for further legal reforms. These cases were turning points, reinforcing public awareness of the inhumanity of slavery and shifting legal perspectives on the rights of enslaved people. The involvement of the Sons of Africa in these cases highlighted their dedication to challenging slavery through all available means, whether moral, legal, or political. Beyond their efforts in Parliament and the courts, the Sons of Africa were also active on the anti-slavery lecture circuit, particularly in northern England, where they engaged working-class audiences in industrial towns. Northern England had a strong abolitionist sentiment, fuelled by economic links to the cotton industry, which relied on slave-produced raw materials. Equiano and other members of the Sons of Africa travelled through towns like Manchester, Liverpool, and Leeds, delivering speeches and lectures to build grassroots support for abolition. This speaking circuit was crucial for building widespread support among people who were often disconnected from the political activities in London. Through direct engagement, the Sons of Africa influenced the views of working-class audiences who might otherwise have had little exposure to the abolitionist message. This grassroots advocacy contributed to a groundswell of public opinion that would ultimately pressure Parliament to act. The Sons of Africa left a lasting legacy, both within Britain and beyond. Their courageous and principled fight against slavery and racial injustice established a powerful example of Black-led activism and demonstrated the effectiveness of strategic, moral, and legislative advocacy. The group’s efforts culminated in the passing of the Slave Trade Act of 1807, which banned British involvement in the transatlantic slave trade, and later influenced the complete abolition of slavery across the British Empire in 1833. The writings of Equiano and Cugoano continue to be studied as seminal works in the history of abolitionism and the literature of resistance. By speaking truth to power, these men made invaluable contributions to the cause of human rights, bringing the experiences and voices of Black people to the forefront of British abolitionism. The Sons of Africa were more than just a footnote in the history of abolition. Their activism, writings, and legal efforts challenged the foundations of the British slave trade and changed the course of history. By lobbying for legislation, participating in landmark legal cases, and speaking directly to the public, they used every avenue available to advocate for an end to slavery. Their work in support of the 1788 Slave Act, their involvement in cases like the Zong massacre and the Somerset case, and their dedication to raising awareness through public lectures in northern England were all instrumental in the abolitionist movement. Today, the legacy of the Sons of Africa serves as a reminder of the power of Black agency, resilience, and leadership in the ongoing fight for justice and equality. Their courage and commitment laid the groundwork for future generations to continue challenging systems of oppression and seeking a more just society for all.

In July 1900, a historic gathering took place in London, marking a defining moment in the global movement for Black unity, justice, and equality. The First Pan-African Conference , held from July 23 to 25 at Westminster Town Hall, brought together Black intellectuals, leaders, and activists from across the African diaspora. This conference was the first formal Pan-African meeting of its kind and paved the way for future efforts to combat colonial oppression, racism, and the socioeconomic struggles faced by people of African descent around the world. While modest in scale, the conference laid the groundwork for the Pan-African movement that would inspire generations of leaders fighting for civil rights, independence, and unity. The First Pan-African Conference was organised against a backdrop of widespread colonialism, racism, and inequality. By the late 19th century, European powers had aggressively colonised nearly all of Africa, subjecting its people to economic exploitation, cultural suppression, and systemic discrimination. Racist ideologies were rampant globally, and Black populations, whether in Africa, the Americas, or the Caribbean, faced severe marginalisation and disenfranchisement. As these injustices persisted, a sense of solidarity began to emerge among people of African descent, sparking the beginnings of Pan-Africanism—a movement based on the belief in a shared African heritage and the need for collective action. The First Pan-African Conference represented the first major attempt to bring together members of the African diaspora to address their common struggles and aspirations for a future free from oppression. The First Pan-African Conference was spearheaded by Henry Sylvester Williams , a Trinidadian lawyer, writer, and activist who played a pivotal role in organising and shaping the event. Born in Trinidad and educated in Canada and England, Williams was deeply aware of the injustices faced by Black people worldwide. As a barrister in London, he became an outspoken advocate for racial equality, using his influence to raise awareness of the plight of Africans and people of African descent. Williams’ efforts to unite Black people on a global platform resonated with many notable intellectuals and activists of the time. W.E.B. Du Bois , the renowned African American sociologist and civil rights leader, was among the most prominent attendees. Du Bois had already established himself as a powerful voice for Black liberation, and his involvement in the conference underscored its significance. The conference also included influential figures like Alexander Walters , president of the National Afro-American Council; Anna H. Jones , an educator and activist from Ohio; and representatives from Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ethiopia, the Caribbean, and South Africa. Another key figure was Dadabhai Naoroji , an Indian nationalist and the first British MP of Asian descent, who delivered a speech at the conference. Though not of African descent, Naoroji’s advocacy for anti-colonialism aligned with the aims of the Pan-Africanists, highlighting the interconnected nature of struggles for racial justice across the British Empire. The primary goal of the First Pan-African Conference was to unite Black voices and call for an end to the injustices inflicted on people of African descent. It sought to establish a common platform where representatives of African and Caribbean nations, along with African American and Black British delegates, could discuss the economic, political, and social struggles of Black communities and advocate for equal rights. The conference outlined a series of demands and recommendations that encompassed: - Challenging Racial Discrimination: The attendees condemned the global systemic discrimination faced by Black people and sought to expose the brutality of colonialism and racism. - Securing Civil and Political Rights: They advocated for universal suffrage and political representation, particularly for African populations in colonised nations, and demanded an end to racial segregation in public facilities. - Educational Opportunities: Recognising education as a pathway to social mobility, the conference emphasised the importance of educational access for people of African descent, with the aim of fostering leadership and self-determination. - Economic Empowerment: The conference also focused on the need for economic development and independence for Black communities, underscoring the link between economic empowerment and liberation. The conference addressed these issues in a declaration known as the *Address to the Nations of the World*, authored by W.E.B. Du Bois. This document, which would later become one of Du Bois’s most famous writings, demanded fair treatment, justice, and equality for Black people worldwide. It challenged colonial powers and the United States to live up to their professed ideals of liberty and justice. One of the most significant moments of the First Pan-African Conference was W.E.B. Du Bois's closing address, in which he famously declared, “The problem of the 20th century is the problem of the colour line.” This profound statement became a rallying cry for the Pan-African movement and captured the essence of the global struggle against racism and colonial oppression. Du Bois’s statement highlighted the racial hierarchies that existed not only in Africa but throughout the world, from the United States to the Caribbean and beyond. His words resonated deeply with delegates and became emblematic of the global challenge faced by Black communities. The notion of the colour line underscored the need for unity and collective action to break down racial barriers and create a more equitable world. Though modest in attendance, the First Pan-African Conference had a lasting impact on the global movement for Black liberation. It laid the foundations for future Pan-African congresses, which would grow in size and influence over the decades, with gatherings in Paris, London, New York, and Manchester. The conference also set the stage for the development of organisations dedicated to the cause of Black liberation, including the African Association, which Henry Sylvester Williams founded shortly after the conference. The Pan-African ideals articulated in 1900 inspired a new generation of leaders, including Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya, and Nnamdi Azikiwe of Nigeria, who would later become instrumental in the struggle for African independence. For Black communities outside of Africa, the conference strengthened the solidarity within the African diaspora, fostering connections between African Americans, Caribbean communities, and Africans that continue to this day. Furthermore, the Address to the Nations of the World remains a landmark document in the history of Pan-Africanism. It signified an early, unified call for the recognition of the rights and dignity of Black people worldwide. This powerful declaration emphasised that people of African descent were entitled to the same liberties and protections as any other human beings, laying a moral foundation that would support future civil rights movements. Despite its achievements, the First Pan-African Conference faced challenges and limitations. The small scale of the event, with only around 30 attendees, highlighted the difficulty of mobilising a global movement at a time when communication and travel were limited. Additionally, many of the goals outlined in the conference would not be realised for several decades, as colonialism and segregation persisted well into the 20th century. Nonetheless, the conference demonstrated the power of collective action and the importance of raising a unified voice against injustice. It also served as a beacon of hope for oppressed people worldwide, showing that their struggles were interconnected and that change was possible through solidarity. The First Pan-African Conference in London marked the birth of a revolutionary movement that would shape the course of the 20th century and beyond. Under the visionary leadership of Henry Sylvester Williams and with the intellectual contributions of figures like W.E.B. Du Bois, the conference brought global attention to the plight of Black communities and established a framework for international Black solidarity. By addressing colonialism, racism, and economic disenfranchisement, the conference created a platform for future leaders and activists to build upon. Its legacy is evident in the continued fight for justice, equality, and unity that remains central to the Pan-African movement today. The First Pan-African Conference stands as a testament to the resilience and vision of those who dared to imagine a world free from oppression and inequality—a world in which the colour line would one day cease to exist.

Domino Day streaming on BBC iplayer Domino Day  is a British fantasy series created and written by the BAFTA nominated screenwriter Lauren Sequeira. The series centres around Domino, a powerful young witch who must feed off the energy of others to stay alive. She is desperate to understand who she is, but doesn’t need to look far for answers, as a coven of witches is already tracking her every move. Boarders Streaming on BBC iplayer Boarders  is a British teen comedy-drama series created by Daniel Lawrence Taylor (who created and starred in the brilliant Timewaters ). The series follows the lives of five talented young Black teens who earn scholarships into the prestigious boarding school of St Gilberts. Supacell streaming on Netflix Rapman created, wrote and co-directed the British superhero television series Supacell  set in modern-day South London. The series follows a group of five regular Black Londoners who are linked by a family history of sickle cell disease. They unexpectedly develop superpower abilities and are pursued by a secret organisation who intends to control them. The ensemble cast, which includes Tosin Cole, Adelayo Adedayo, Ghetts and Digga D, has been renewed for a second season by Netflix . Queenie steaming on Channel 4 On Demand Queenie  is based on the best selling and award winning novel by Candice Carty-Williams . It centres on the life and loves of Queenie Jenkins, a vibrant, troubled 25-year-old British Jamaican woman who is not having a very good year. Grime Kids Streaming on BBC iplayer Based on the 2018 book by grime pioneer DJ Target, Grime Kids  is a joy-filled coming-of-age story about a group of young friends, set against the backdrop of early 2000s London. Frustrated with their lives, Dane, Bishop, Bayo, Junior, and Kai form their own garage crew and seek success amid an exciting, revolutionary new music scene. Mr Loverman Streaming on BBC iplayer This tv adaptation of Bernardine Evaristo’s novel Mr Loverman  is set to premiere during Black History Month on the 14th October. Lennie James (Line of Duty, Fear the Walking Dead) stars as the exuberant protagonist Barrington Jedidiah Walker, a flamboyant, self-educated man who leads a double life. He is married to Carmel, but is in love with his childhood friend, Morris. Barrington’s marriage is falling apart, and he wants to divorce Carmel and live with Morris. Spent Streaming on BBC iplayer Spent  is an uplifting comedy-drama created, written by and starring Michelle de Swarte. Drawing inspiration from the collapse of her own modelling career, De Swarte plays international model Mia, who, after declaring bankruptcy, must return home to London due to her extravagant lifestyle. Focusing on black talent.... Murder is Easy streaming on BBC iplayer Rising star David Jonsson (The Industry and Rye Lane) stars in an adaptation of the 1939 Agatha Christie’s novel Murder is Easy . Luke Fitzwilliam (Jonsson) is a Nigerian attaché on his way to Whitehall when he meets the mysterious Miss Pinkerton (Wilton) on a train. Pinkerton discusses with him that a series of deaths in the village of Wychwood-Under-Ashe are not accidental and there’s a killer on the loose. Later, Miss Pinkerton is killed in a hit-and-run, and Fitzwilliam steels himself to discover the murderer before they strike again. The Lazarus Project streaming on Now TV The multi-talented stage, TV and film actor Paapa Essiedu stars as a time-traveller in the sci-fi series The Lazarus Project . George (Essiedu) is part of a top secret organisation dedicated to preventing mass extinction events and with the ability to make time go backwards. George is forced to decide between having the power to change the past for a friend or remaining loyal to the organisation attempting to preserve the world. This Town streaming on BBC iplayer This Town  is set in Birmingham and the Midlands during the 1980s riots and tells the story of Dante Williams, a young aspiring poet who decides to start a 2-tone ska band and set his words to music. Aisha on Channel 5 My 5 Letitia Wright plays Aisha , a young Nigerian woman caught in limbo for years in Ireland’s immigration system. She develops a friendship with an employee who she meets at one of the accommodation centres. The Silent Twins streaming on Netflix Based on the lives of June (Letitia Wright) and Jennifer Gibbons (Tamara Lawrance), real-life identical twins  who grew up in Wales, part of the only black family in a small town. They became known as “The Silent Twins”  because of their refusal to communicate with anyone but each other. . Best Documentaries Michael X streaming on Now TV The documentary tells the story of Michael X , a divisive figure in history who was once considered the UK's answer to Malcolm X. It covers his rise and fall, and how he spent the end of his life on death row. The Evolution of Black British Music streaming on BET on Channel 5 My 5 and Netflix Five-part documentary series that explores the rise of Black British music over the past 35 years covering the musical genres: Jungle, UK Garage, Grime, UK Funky and Afro-Swing, Road Rap and UK Drill. Judi Love: Black, Single and Invisible streaming on Channel 4 Judi Love  embarks on an eye-opening and emotional journey, exploring how, from health to education and work, the odds are stacked against Black women in  the UK. Fresh Cuts on streaming ITV X ITV has commissioned new talent to produce ‘compelling short-form series’ for UK Black History Month. Making their directorial debut for ITV are Moses Ssebandeke with his profile series Alter Egos , Sammy Ofori-Attah’s Black Magic with Trixy , and Destiny William’s light-hearted Dogs of Grime. Image Credits: BBC, Sky TV, Channel 4, Channel 5, and Netflix.

Lizzie Emeh was an award winning Irish, Nigerian and British musician and disabilities rights campaigner. On the 9th October, Google Doodle celebrated award winning Irish, Nigerian, British musician and songwriter Lizzie Emeh, who was a champion for people with learning disabilities. On this day in 2009, Lizzie released her first album Loud and Proud. Lizzie was born in Notting Hill, West London and when she was a baby, her parents were told that she would never walk or talk. By four years old, Emeh overcame those expectations, as she would continue to do throughout her life. Surrounded by a family that inspired her passion for music, she knew she wanted to pursue it as a career. Emeh was discovered at an open mic night in 1999 and she soon joined Heart n Soul, an arts organization working toward an inclusive future. With this organization, Emeh began to perform across Europe and the world, notably playing at the Glastonbury Festival and Heart n Soul Unplugged in Asia. Emeh also enjoyed writing songs about her personal experiences, as she did on Loud and Proud . The title reflects her desire to be open and celebratory about disabilities. She described the album as “eclectic, wide-ranging, and with lots of soul.” Not long after it was released, she took her original music to the world stage at the 2012 London Paralympics opening ceremony. Her next album was a three-part EP trilogy, collectively titled See Me. The three parts, The Clan, My Baboo, and Meds , delved into her relationships and mental health. Listen to Lizzie, an album of love and empowerment with a more reggae sound, was released posthumously in 2023. Emeh won multiple national awards for her contribution to music and her legacy can be explored through her albums that are written straight from the heart. She is also remembered for championing the rights of people with learning disabilities and inspiring more disabled people to enter the music industry. Thank you for sharing your stories and musical talents with the world, Lizzie Emeh! A word from Lizzie's family Special thanks to Lizzie Emeh’s estate, for their collaboration on this project. Below Monica, Lizzie’s sister, shares her thoughts on today’s Doodle and Lizzie’s legacy. Lizzie always had a passion for music ever since she was a child. When she was young, she received a recording unit which had a mic, and she started singing straightaway, she loved it. Our house was always filled with music. Lizzie had a tough start to life, she was born with severe medical complications and our parents were told she would never walk or talk. However she proved the doctors wrong and continued to defy the odds throughout her life. Lizzie’s career really started to develop in 1999 when she was discovered by Heart n Soul, a creative arts charity based in South East London. They supported her to develop her music and helped nurture her career. I remember going to see her perform in the early days. It was normal to see Lizzie burst out in song at home, but it was such a surprise seeing her on stage. We didn’t know she had that confidence, she was brilliant and we were so proud of her. When she told us about making her first album Loud and Proud , we thought it was amazing. She was writing and producing songs and it was incredible. I came to many of her performances over the years, her music was great. I loved seeing her perform, it was amazing to see how all the audience felt included in her performance. Lizzie achieved so much in her life from creating lots of music, performing across the world and winning awards for her achievements in music. Lizzie was also passionate about talking about the lives and rights of people with learning disabilities. She wanted to inspire people and let them know that they can make their dreams come true, just like she did. Lizzie would have been so proud to know she is being honoured in this way, she wouldn’t have stopped talking about it! She believed in working hard and always doing your best. Lizzie was loud, proud, positive, happy and joyful! We miss her. -Monica Emeh

Windrush Month 2024 'Celebrating the Caribbean pioneers of the 1940s & 1950s' - exploring the lives and stories of the the early Caribbean people who came to Britain after the 2WW. Althea Marjorie McNish was born in Port of Spain, the capital of Trinidad and Tobago around 1924. She was the only child of a well-to-do couple Joseph and Margaret Bourne. Her father, a teacher and writer, was descended from the Merikin settlers in Trinidad and her mother was a dressmaker. McNish showed a precocious talent for art at her mother’s knee: “My mother made clothes, but she didn’t draw,” she said. “She would say ‘I want a round collar’ and I would draw it. I was only four or five.” An enthusiastic painter from an early age, while still in school she landed a job as an entomological illustrator with the colonial Trinidad and Tobago government. “I had to go into the field and do detailed drawings of insects to help in the sugar and cocoa pest control programme.” Later she became a junior member of the prestigious Trinidad Arts Society and had her first work exhibited at the age of 16. At the time, Trinidad was at the centre of a Caribbean cultural renaissance, propelled by the struggle for independence and the need to forge a national identity. This would throw up an extraordinary array of talent that would produce some 50 novels between 1948 and 1958 and several internationally renowned artists. As McNish said, “There was quite an artistic thing going on at the time.” (1) Inevitably, McNish would take influence from the leading lights of this movement, taking inspiration from local artists such as Sybil Atteck, Amy Leony Pang Boscoe Holder and M.P. Alladin. She also enjoyed European modernists such as Vincent Van Gogh and Gauguin. “Van Gogh was one of my favourites – he was very tropical” she said. In 1951 McNish moved with her mother to London, England to join her father, who had already moved there to work. In London she won a scholarship to study architecture at the Architectural Association School of Architecture but chose instead to take a course in print studies at the London School of Printing and Graphic Arts (now the London College of Communications) where she developed an interested in textiles. She took an extra class at the Central School of Art and Design, where renowned artist Eduardo Paolozzi taught. After completing her undergraduate studies, she went to complete a postgraduate degree at the Royal College of Art (RCA) where her talent was recognised by Hugh Casson. In 1957 during her final year at the RCA, McNish took a trip to the Essex home of her tutor, the painter and graphic artist Edward Bawden and his wife Charlotte, a potter. When walking in the countryside near the Bawdens' home, McNish encountered a wheat field for the first time, which for her recalled sugar cane plantations in Trinidad. This trip and the organic forms found in the English countryside made a significant impression on McNish, and in 1959 she used the wheat motif in   Golden Harvest –  her first design for commercial design company Hull Traders. Produced in four colours, the furnishing fabric of printed heavy cotton satin was Hull Traders' best-selling design when released the following year and stayed in production until the 1970s. (2) After graduating, McNish was hired by Arthur Stewart-Liberty – chairman of London’s Liberty department store – who famously commissioned the young graduate to create new exclusive designs for both fashion and furnishing fabrics. “He thought Britain was ready for colour and it was” said McNish. On that same day, Liberty despatched McNish in a taxi to fashion supplier Zika Ascher, who likewise immediately booked her to create a new collection, this time for Dior. Successfully designing for such prestigious clients, McNish was the first Caribbean woman to achieve prominence in this field. (1) McNish designed a range of fabrics for Liberty including a furnishing fabric called Cebollas with a strong tropical flavour – featuring blue onions set against a brown background – and another called Hibiscus, an even bolder furnishing textile boasting bright-red hibiscus flowers set against a sharply contrasting black background.  (1) One of her most popular designs for Liberty included the abstract Cascade – a heavily textured cotton poplin fabric from 1959, featuring a black and blue background with small, overlaid circles repeated in bright reds, greens and blues. The pattern fizzed with energy and was reminiscent of observing a living organism under a microscopic eye. (2) In 1959, for Hull Traders, a company later responsible for many of the colourful and irreverent pop designs of the swinging 60s, she created a sensation with Golden Harvest, a screen print on cotton satin used for upholstery fabrics that featured a bright-orange, yellow and black graphic pattern inspired by the wheat fields of Essex, which reminded her of Trinidad’s sugarcane plantations. (3) By 1960 she was taking on jobs for Cavendish Textiles and then for Heal’s, for whom she designed Trinidad, a printed furnishing textile covered with a loosely sketched dense tropical forest, filled with green palm trees of different shapes and sizes. At this time, she also worked for Ascher’s textile company, which commissioned her to create printed silk dress fabrics. (3) Other British manufacturers who approached McNish included Danasco Fabrics, for whom, in 1961, she produced Tomée, an exceptionally vivid monoprint of an abstract pattern made up of pink, orange and lemon stripes. In 1968, for the Bridlington-based firm Sanderson-Rigg, she designed a space-age-style wallpaper, named Zircon, featuring a dazzling abstract pattern coloured orange, mustard and yellow. (3) McNish's reputation was such that she designed fabrics for Queen Elizabeth II's wardrobe for the 1966 Royal Tour of Trinidad and the Caribbean. Throughout the 1960s McNish also ensured that she retained her links with the West Indies. She was a founding member of the Caribbean Artists Movement (CAM)  and took part in their art exhibitions held in 1967, May 1968 and January 1971, exhibiting textiles as well as ‘plastic panels in laminate.’ For the Caribbean edition of the BBC TV magazine programme Full house, produced by John La Rose and transmitted on 3 February 1973, she brought together the work of CAM visual artists as a studio setting for CAM writers, musicians and filmmakers. In 1969, she married John Weiss, architect, jeweller and historian, and worked in partnership with him from 1971. At the same time McNish’s artwork was being displayed in exhibitions – beginning with Paintings by Trinidad and Tobago Artists at the Commonwealth Institute in London in 1961. Over the years her paintings and drawings were shown at the Victoria and Albert Museum (1978), the Whitworth Art Gallery in Manchester (2007) and, most recently, at Somerset House in London (2019). Examples of her textile design can be found in the V&A, the Museum of Domestic Design and Architecture in London, the Philadelphia Museum of Art and the Cooper-Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum in New York.  (3) In 1976, McNish was awarded the Chaconia Medal Gold for her contributions to art and design, and in 2006 an honorary doctorate in fine arts from the University of Trinidad and Tobago, where she mentored many of its student designers. She also appeared on the BBC4 documentary Whoever Heard of a Black Artist? aired in 2018, and in the same year a section of the book Women Design, by the design historian Libby Sellers, was devoted to McNish and her work. More recently, her work — represented by three printed textiles from early in her career: Golden Harvest, Pomegranate and Fresco — was featured in the exhibition RCA Black: Past, Present & Future (31 August–6 September 2011), organised by the Royal College of Art in collaboration with the African and African-Caribbean Design Diaspora (AACDD) to celebrate art and design by African and African-Caribbean graduates. McNish was also an important presence in the wider British design scene. She was a member of the board of the UK’s Design Council and a Vice-President and Fellow of the Chartered Society of Designers. (3) Althea McNish died in April 2020 in a London nursing home at the age of 95. A major retrospective of her work was held in April 2022, entitled Althea McNish: Colour is Mine. The exhibition was sponsored by Liberty Fabrics who reissued a capsule collection of her designs to coincide with the it. Co-curator Rosie Sinclair of Goldsmiths College said: “McNish was a rare Black woman within the international textile history. She broke boundaries [and] perhaps following this exhibition people will take another look at furnishing and fashion fabrics and wonder why colour became such an important part of new design taste in post-modern society and think about the individuals, a design pioneer such as Althea, who made this happen.” On the 15 May 2023, coinciding with the 99th anniversary of her birth, a Nubian Jak blue plaque was unveiled in her honour at her former home on West Green Road in Tottenham, north London. McNish was a gifted and pioneering force in textile design who brought colour into the lives of young consumers desperate to move beyond the greyness of post 2WW Britain. Her contribution to post-war British design and pioneering creative vision changed the character of British Modernism. Source: https://angelacobbinah.wordpress.com/2008/07/30/a-dash-of-colour/ (1) https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/althea-mcnish-an-introduction (2) https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2020/may/04/althea-mcnish-obituary (3) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Althea_McNish#cite_note-17

Windrush Month 2024 'Celebrating the Caribbean pioneers of the 1940s & 1950s' - exploring the lives and stories of the the early Caribbean people who came to Britain after the 2WW. Floella Benjamin was born on 23 September 1949 in Pointe-a-Pierre, Trinidad and Tobago. She was one of six children, with an older sister, three younger brothers and a younger sister. Her father was a policeman and a talented jazz musician, who decided to migrate to England to play jazz saxophone. Her mother later joined him along with Benjamin’s youngest sister and brother. While the four older children, including Floella, were left in the care of family friends who were secretly abusive to them. Benjamin and her sister often tried writing to their parents to tell them about the abuse, but the letters were always read, and censored before they were sent. Two years later, her parents sent for all their children, and they travelled by ship to England. Floella was just ten years old when she boarded the Marques de Comillas with her siblings. They arrived at Southampton docks on 2 September 1960. That early childhood experience was the focus of her first memoir “Coming to England,” which she wrote, she says “because there was nothing that reflected my experience.” The family of seven initially lived in one room in Chiswick in West London before settling in the affluent London suburb of Beckenham, in Kent. Floella has talked candidly about the abuse she and her family faced whilst growing up with neighbours and at school. “For the first four years of being in England. I fought almost every day. You never knew who would spit at you, or try to pee on you, or lift your skirt and say “Where’s your tail, monkey?” she said. At school, Benjamin was an outstanding athlete, but she was prohibited from taking the running trophy home because of her colour. She recalls her mother’s advice to focus on her education, as it was the passport to success in England. Benjamin remembers realising that she had to double her work rate and had to be dually accomplished to succeed in England.[1] The turning point in her life she, says, came in 1964 at 14, when she nearly killed a boy who was shouting racist names at her, as she walked to the shops in Penge High Street. She grabbed his lollipop and jammed it down his throat, watching him turn blue. Benjamin calls it her “spiritual moment”; the moment when she says she realised that violence was not the answer. She pulled out the lollipop and walked off proud. [2] And the Benjamin family — high achievers all – made the classic immigrant journey so often held up by politicians of all persuasions. Working hard at school, gaining qualifications and entering the professions. [2] Her sister Sandra is a writer and author, and her brother Lester Benjamin was honoured in 2015 for his dedication to duty and services to Parliament over nearly two decades. Floella’s ambition was to become a teacher, but her parents couldn’t afford the educational fees to keep her on at school at 16. So, she left school and spent three years working for a bank. Eventually, raising enough money to do her ‘A’ levels at night school, and passed her banking diploma with the intent of becoming the first Black female bank manager. However, realising that her dream would be unlikely to come true, she auditioned for a part in a touring musical called Hair. [3] Used to singing on stage with her clerk and part-time jazz musician father’s band and organising dance nights for the West Indian Student Centre in London’s Earl Court, Benjamin responded to an advert in a newspaper in 1973 seeking non-professionals for a new musical tour. The show was “Hair,” famously controversial for its hippie onstage nudity. Going in her lunch break from the bank, you know all you need to know is Benjamin’s steely determination from the fact that she not only got cast but also rather presumptuously announced at the audition that she wouldn’t be taking her clothes off. [2] But she still got the role. It was during this time that she met her husband Keith Taylor, whom she now lives with in London together with their children. Benjamin went on to get several parts in a variety of musicals including Jesus Christ Superstar and the Black Mikado. However, she was keen to break into television and made her debut on television in 1974 in an episode of Love Thy Neighbour. Her true acting opening occurred when she appeared as a prisoner in six episodes of the prison drama Within These Walls, which ran from 1973 to 1978. She also acted in the situation comedy Mixed Blessings (1978) and the drama serial Send in the Girls (1978). In 1976 she auditioned for the presenter role in Play School and got the part. Benjamin was the first person in Britain to wear beads in her hair in the 1970s – it was to become her trademark look. Benjamin was the first children's television presenter to appear on her show, pregnant. Playaway followed Playschool and Benjamin dressed up as a whole range of characters – from queens to witches – alongside well-known actors such as Brian Cant, Tony Robinson, Anita Dobson and Griff Rhys-Jones. In 1977, she appeared in her first and only leading role in the UK Black film called Black Joy alongside Norman Beaton and Paul Medford. The movie was about a young man coming to live in a big city and learning to fend for himself. Benjamin was critically acclaimed at the Cannes Film Festival for her portrayal of ‘Miriam’ in the film, which was the British entry that year, the first Black-led film. By this time Benjamin had become recognisable by her beaded hair and was not best pleased when one photographer tugged at it when she walked down the red carpet. In 1987, Benjamin set up a production company with her husband and was commissioned by Channel Four to write a children's programme called The Tree House. The programme was a huge success, and the company made other programmes for different places worldwide, including Cuba, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago, and Jamaica. They produced children’s programmes Jamboree, Hullaballoo and an adaptation of her autobiography Coming to England, documentaries, cookery series programmes such as A Taste of Barbados, Caribbean Light and Caribbean Kitchen. [3] Beyond her on-screen persona, Floella Benjamin has been a vocal advocate for children's rights and education. She was the vice-president of NCH Action for Children and Barnardos and was in the NSPCC Hall of Fame. And part of the ‘4Rs Commission’ which the Liberal Democrats established to look into primary education in the UK. She has voiced concerns about the lowering standards of children’s television and the increasing objectification of women because of the widespread availability of online porn to young children. Floella's incredible journey from Trinidad and Tobago to becoming a respected figure in the British establishment is a testament to her unwavering determination. Just like the entire Windrush generation, she confronted and overcame the blatant racism prevalent in Britain, paving the way for those who came after. Recognised for her outstanding contributions to broadcasting with an OBE in 2001, she later became Baroness Benjamin of Beckenham in the County of Kent in 2010, making history as the first actress to be appointed as a peer in the House of Lords. In her inaugural address, she eloquently highlighted the significance of her childhood and the enduring legacy of her parents by choosing Beckenham as her title. Sources: Historical Geographies: Biography - Floella Benjamin ( archive.ph )  [1] Swinging racism: Floella Benjamin’s memoir of 60s London | Samira Ahmed: Journalist, Broadcaster, Writer  [2] h2g2 - Floella Benjamin - Activist, Actress and Producer - Edited Entry  [3]

Windrush Month 2024 'Celebrating the Caribbean pioneers of the 1940s & 1950s' - exploring the lives and stories of the the early Caribbean people who came to Britain after the 2WW. Eustace Edward Ricardo (ER) Braithwaite was born in Queenstown, Georgetown in the then British colony of British Guiana (now Guyana). He was one of five children. Both his parents were graduates of Oxford University and he described growing up surrounded by education, achievement, and parental pride. Braithwaite was a studious child who attended the prestigious Queen’s College in Guyana (a secondary school modelled on the English public school) and, in 1940, earned a BSc in Physics from The City College of New York. He then moved to Britain to study and suddenly saw the English in a new light. “I couldn’t believe my eyes. White porters in the college. White waiters in the dining halls. Barmen. Servants. In far off British Guiana they were served,” said Braithwaite. “All the whites in British Guiana were in managerial positions. I never associated poverty with white persons.” Then Nazi Germany invaded Poland, and England declared war. Braithwaite and his fellow students heard a new word on the radio “blitzkrieg.” London and other British cities were being heavily bombed, and Britain desperately needed manpower to help defend their cities. So, in October 1939, they lifted their ‘colour bar’ in the military and the RAF began recruiting Black aircrew. Braithwaite initially joined the Cambridge University Air Squadron and learned how to fly, then signed on as an aircrew cadet with the Royal Air Force (RAF) in 1940. He described his time in the RAF as one where he didn’t experience any discrimination based on his skin colour nor ethnicity. “I was at one with everything. A part of everything. Black and different as blonde was different from red. The colour of my skin was no weight on my shoulders. I was proud in my skin, not defensive of it. There was a war on, and I was a warrior. War drew the people together.” After the war, Braithwaite resumed his studies and graduated from Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge in 1949 where he earned a master’s degree in physics. But despite his qualifications and experience – Braithwaite was a Spitfire pilot and had graduated top five in his class at Cambridge – he couldn’t find work as an engineer. Nothing prepared him for the brick wall of institutionalised racism he faced. His credentials got him in the door. But once a potential employer saw his skin colour, they made excuses. One man chatted with Braithwaite about his background, his time in the RAF, and his research at Cambridge. Braithwaite dared to hope. [1] Then, “Mr Braithwaite, I’m sure my colleagues would wish me to say that we are deeply impressed with your qualifications and your obvious abilities. Were the circumstances different we would be only too happy to appoint you a member of our staff. But we have a problem. All our employees are British, and we would face the reality of their almost certain reluctance to work with and perhaps under a person of colour…” [1] He experienced that scenario over and over again for nine months. Finally, after his umpteenth rejection, he found himself sitting on a park bench contemplating his future when an old man sat down next to him. He started feeding the ducks and mumbling. Braithwaite ignored him but the old man turned to him and said, ‘how people could be hurt by other people and things, but mostly themselves, and that hatred solved nothing.’ [1] Braithwaite lost it and replied “Look, why don’t you shut up? You white people are all the same. All this philosophical drivel has no meaning because, in fact, you are white and when you look out on the world you see it in a certain way. For Black people like me it has to be different…” [1] They then fell into a conversation in which, a despondent and almost defeated Braithwaite told him of his difficulties in finding work. Finally, the old man said, ‘Why don’t you try something else? A man like you, with your educational background, shouldn’t think that physics is the end of the world,” and told Braithwaite that London City Council was desperate for teachers, that they’d welcome someone with his credentials. [1] Braithwaite called the council the next day and they offered him a teaching job immediately. Braithwaite reluctantly accepted the job as a schoolteacher at St George-in-the-East Central School (now the Mulberry House apartments) in the Wapping area of East End of London. “Making plans on the half-realized dream of achievement as a physicist. Dreaming. Then the bitterness of seeing the dream whittled away, bit by bit, day by day, into weeks and months, until the only place on the whole arid horizon was a mangy schoolhouse beside a bomb-racked, rotting graveyard, and a smelly classroom with forty-six foul-mouthed youngsters. White, English youngsters.” His teaching career formed the basis of his autobiographical novel ‘To Sir With Love (1959),’ which won an Anisfield-Wolf Book Award. It was later adapted into the sentimental 1967 movie of the same name starring Sidney Poitier. Although the movie was a box-office success, Braithwaite hated it. In the movie, Sidney Poitier played the well-educated, middle-class graduate forced to deal with casual racism, violence and antisocial behaviour by a group of disadvantaged pupils. Hardest to bear was the self-hatred the racism brought out in him and the low expectations of colleagues for their charges. [2] While in contrast, the Braithwaite’s book was a gritty and unsentimental account of how he gradually turned his class around through a mix of affection and respect. It also revealed his love affair with a fellow teacher – controversial at the time because the other teacher was white. Braithwaite criticised the movie adaptation for downplaying the love affair. [2] “I detest the movie from the bottom of my heart,” he said in 2007. “I don’t like it because the movie is about the classroom, while my book is about my life.” The book also contrasted his experience of race relations in Britain with those in the US, where he studied before joining the RAF. He wrote: “The rest of the world in general and Britain in particular are prone to point an angrily critical finger at American intolerance, forgetting that in its short history as a nation it has granted to its Negro citizens more opportunities for advancement and betterment, per capita, than any other nation in the world with an indigent Negro population.” [2] To Sir, With Love has been hailed as a seminal work for immigrants from the colonies to postwar Britain. In an introduction, Caryl Phillips wrote: “The author is keen for us to understand that the Ricky Braithwaites of this world cannot, by themselves, uproot prejudice, but they can point to its existence. And this, after all, is the beginning of change; one must first identity the location of the problem before one can set about addressing it.” [2] In 1958, after nine years of teaching, Braithwaite turned to social work. He founded foster homes for ethnic minority children for the London City Council and worked as a welfare consultant for immigrant families from the Caribbean. That work inspired his second book, Paid Servant: A Report About Welfare Work in London published in 1962. Braithwaite’s writings in both books explore his challenges as an educated Black man in a society with few places for such individuals. [3] After social work, he moved to Paris in 1960 to work for the World Veterans Foundation as a human rights officer. In 1962, he transitioned into a diplomatic career, after the United Nations appointed him as a lecturer and education consultant to UNESCO in Paris. Five years later, he became Guyana's Permanent Representative to the United Nations in New York from 1967 to 1969. He was elected to the presidency of the United Nations Council for South West Africa in 1968. Later, he served as Guyana’s ambassador to Venezuela. In the 1960s, European colonies in Africa gained independence, and there was increasing pressure on South Africa to do the same with Namibia, which was then called South West Africa. When the International Court of Justice dismissed a complaint in 1966 from Ethiopia and Liberia about South Africa's continued presence in the territory, the UN General Assembly took over responsibility for Namibia and established a governing council for it. In response to international pressure, South Africa attempted to legitimize its control of Namibia by creating a commission to administer the territory under apartheid. Braithwaite was appointed as the president of the UN governing council and heard firsthand accounts of the suffering caused by apartheid from witnesses. In 1973, a friend in Guyana sent him a clipping from the South African Official Gazette announcing that the ban on Braithwaite’s ‘To Sir, With Love’ book had been lifted. On an impulse, he called the South African Consul General and asked if this meant he could travel South Africa. To his surprise, he was granted a visa to the country as an ‘honorary white’ which gave him far more privileges than allowed for the Indigenous Black South African majority population. A situation which he found detestable. During his six weeks in South Africa, he recorded his experiences and the horrors he witnessed in his third book, Honorary White (1975). In the early 1970s, Braithwaite retired from diplomatic work to move into academia. He taught English Studies at the universities of New York, Florida State and the renowned HBCU Howard University in Washington, where he also served as writer-in-residence. His last academic appointment was as a visiting professor at Manchester Community College in Connecticut during the 2005-6 academic year. He also served as the college’s commencement speaker for that year and received honorary degrees. Throughout his incredible life, Braithwaite continued to write novels and short stories well into his 90s! His other books included A Kind of Homecoming (1962), about searching for his ancestral roots; Choice of Straws (1965), a mystery novel set in London; and his first children’s book, Billingsly: The Bear With the Crinkled Ear (2014). In his book Reluctant Strangers (1972), which records the increasingly contentious conversation between Braithwaite and a white American businessman, who grudgingly took the last seat on a train next to him. As their conversation progresses, the American becomes more and more astonished by Braithwaite’s life story. “Evidently you’re an exceptional man,” he tells Braithwaite. “Funny thing is that inside myself I don’t feel exceptional. There are lots like me, strong in themselves, feeling they can do things. But perhaps they’re not as lucky as me. They’re denied the freedom, the opportunity and the right to give expression to what they feel.” Braithwaite was a remarkable man. He was a Black man that grew up under British colonial rule, he endured the prejudice and institutional racism of post-war Britain, but through his sheer tenacity he was able to live a long and varied life. He was a teacher, diplomat, professor, and social worker, all whilst writing 22 books – memoirs, novels, and academic texts. When Braithwaite turned 100 in 2012, he went back to his native Guyana to serve as the patron of the Inter-Guiana Cultural Festival. He was also awarded the Cacique Crown of Honour by the then President Donald Ramotar. The following year, at 101, Braithwaite returned to Britain to attend the first live performance of the stage version of To Sir, With Love . Eustace Edward Ricardo Braithwaite died on December 12, 2016, at the Adventist Healthcare Shady Grove Medical Centre in Rockville, Maryland at the age of one hundred and four.    Source: https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/dec/14/to-sir-with-love-author-er-braithwaite-dies-aged-104 (2) https://laterbloomer.com/e-r-braithwaite/ (1) ‘To Sir with Love Author’ E.R Braithwaite is a Special Person - Kaieteur News ( kaieteurnewsonline.com ) Eustace Edward Ricardo Braithwaite (1912–2016) • ( blackpast.org )  (3) https://youtu.be/H5yWCk7EzBM?feature=shared E. R. Braithwaite: To Sir, With Love (1959) - Literary London Society

Windrush Month 2024 'Celebrating the Caribbean pioneers of the 1940s & 1950s' - exploring the lives and stories of the the early Caribbean people who came to Britain after the 2WW. The impact of the Caribbean passengers on HMT Windrush can not be ignored or forgotten. These individuals and those who followed in their wings, now referred to as the Windrush generation, opened the door to the multicultural Britain that is taken for granted today. And Sam King is a true proponent of their fighting spirit. He first came to the UK to volunteer to fight in the Second World War and later as a Windrush pioneer who became the first Black mayor of the London borough of Southwark and helped pave the way for Britain’s first multicultural street festival – Notting Hill Carnival. Sam Beaver King was born in the small village of Priestman’s River in the rural parish of Portland in Jamaica on 20 February 1926. He was born into a traditional Christian family and was the second eldest of ten children. As a youngster he worked on his father’s banana farm with the intention of taking over after his dad retired. But the war in Europe meant that his life was going to take a different path. King was planning to go to the United States to work when he spotted an advert in the Daily Gleaner appealing for volunteers for the British army. After passing the RAF test, he and the other men received a month’s basic training at an army camp in Kingston before travelling to the UK. The new recruits arrived in Greenock, near Glasgow, in November 1944. King recalled: "I left Portland, Jamaica, in temperatures of 75F. I landed at Greenock, which was 39F. I thought I was going to die.” Then moved onto RAF Hunmanby Moor in Filey, Yorkshire for technical and combat training. After three months, the men were split up into categories for ground crew training – King was posted to the fighter station RAF Hawking near Folkestone and served as an engineer. “My mother said, ‘Sam, the mother country is at war, go’. Let us get this straight: the Germans wanted to rule the world, and if Hitler had won, they would have put us [black people] in ovens and lit the fire. We had to fight for our own salvation.” Within a few months, King was promoted, and then trained as an aircraft engineer at RAF Locking in Somerset. He had another four postings, finishing in Yorkshire, at RAF Dishforth in Ripon, maintaining transport planes. King said of his war efforts, that the locals were welcoming and the few incidents of racism he experienced were from the American GIs. Indeed, during one posting in Rivenhall in Essex, Fred Seagraves, a serviceman he befriended, took him home to Nottingham to meet his parents. Mr and Mrs Seagraves became Sam’s English ‘Mam and Pap’ with whom he kept in touch until their death’s decades later. (1) In 1947, King’s war service officially came to an end and Sam, then aged 21, succumbed to RAF pressure to return to Jamaica. He had contemplated staying on in Britain after the war but recalled that attitudes suddenly seem to change overnight. “When we were in the uniform, you’re reasonably respected,” he said. When the war was over, they said, ‘What are you doing here? You should go home. I came to help them and now that they have their freedom, they said I should go home." King returned to a colonial Jamaica struggling to recover from the 1944 hurricane – of which an estimated 90% of Jamaica’s banana trees and 41% coconut trees were lost – and high unemployment rates. His family’s banana farm was devastated, and he found it difficult to find work because of the discriminatory racial policies of the British colonial rulers. King said, “I could not see myself making a headway socially or financially at Priestman’s River or in Jamaica for that matter.” He had changed but Jamaica had remained the same. In Tony Sewell’s 1998 book, Keep on Moving – A Windrush Legacy, he elaborated further: “Having been in England and read a few books I decided I could not live in a colony. Everything was done by Westminster through the Governor. Only one man in 10 had the vote and 85 per cent of the land belonged to big English landowners.”  (1) So, King – enticed by another Daily Gleaner advert – booked passage on the Empire Windrush to return to the UK and re-enlist. His family sold three cows to raise funds for a troop deck berth. On board, there was a bit of a holiday atmosphere, and special camaraderie among the RAF veterans. However, he noted in his memoir that there was also enough apprehension about the government turning the ship back that he organised two ex-RAF wireless operators to play dominoes outside the radio room – and monitor incoming messages. (2) King and his fellow West Indian passengers were met by officials from the Ministry of Labour and the Colonial Office. One was, the British civil servant   Ivor Cummings – the first Black official in the British Colonial Office – and of course, a curious British press. The welcome he received on his return was hardly fitting for a British ex-serviceman. Black men who had risked their lives during the war now faced a second battle. In his 1998 autobiography, Climbing Up the Rough Side of the Mountain, King recalled: “The host nation saw the influx as an imposition and became hostile ... The acute shortage of accommodation was the biggest problem facing immigrants who were arriving from the new Commonwealth countries.” (1) King re-enlisted in the RAF in 1948 and served until 1953. While Black service personnel found they were respected and supported when they were in uniform, civvy street was far too often a different story. Racism restricted job opportunities: Mr King applied unsuccessfully to the Metropolitan Police in 1953 – it took them another 14 years to appoint its first Black officer. Racial discrimination also made it extremely difficult for many Black people to find housing — and thereby start putting down roots. (2) In 1950, Mr King, then an RAF corporal, and his brother Wilton attempted to buy a house in Sears Street, Camberwell, but bank officials responded to a mortgage request with a letter suggesting he return to Jamaica. Mr King took the letter to the owner of the house, who was so disgusted that he gave him a mortgage himself. He made him swear on the bible that he would repay the cost of the house – £1,000 – in ten years’ time. He managed to do so in five years with the help of a ‘pardner’, a traditional Caribbean saving scheme, and by renting rooms to other West Indians. The Kings were the second Black family in Southwark to own a home. For other black Caribbean residents, the only way to own a home was to join a ‘pardner’ and Mr King took an active role in setting up many pardners. King left the armed forces in 1953 and joined the post office. No doubt, his status as an army veteran helped ensure that his application was successful, but throughout his career he repeatedly experienced racism. In his autobiography, Climbing Up the Rough Side of the Mountain on his experiences at the South Eastern District Office: “I was not welcomed by some; not a smile crossed the faces of those who were too busy guarding the overtime. I spoke only when necessary. One week into the post, I asked for overtime on the Irish section sorting letters beyond Dublin to Limerick. There, my colleagues saw that I was not as green and naive as they thought. One fellow in particular was most obnoxious whenever I put in for overtime work. He made hurtful remarks and was not co-operative. Others joined in, but I was there to do a job and nothing was going to make me flounder or even show resentment. My performance was far above these petty non-entities. I held fast to my integrity’. King worked for the Royal mail for 34 years, beginning as a postman in Waterloo and ending as senior manager for the South Eastern postal district. (He recalled being greeted with a heckle from a resentful white worker who yelled: “Send ‘em back!” King’s quick-witted riposte was: “I’m all in favour of sending them back, as long as you start with the Mayflower.”). (1) He became involved with the Brixton-based newspapers the West Indian Gazette and Afro-Asian Caribbean News, which had been founded in 1958 by the communist Trinidadian journalist Claudia Jones . He was among those who helped her to organise the first Caribbean-style indoor carnival at St Pancras town hall the following year, which laid the foundations for the Notting Hill carnival. (1) Faith played a significant role in his life, and like many African and Caribbean Christians in the 1940s and 1950s, he and his family had to hold their worship gatherings at home due to the racism they faced in British churches. When he and his first wife, Mae, moved to Herne Hill in south London in 1958, they didn't feel welcomed at the local Baptist church and never returned, although they allowed their children to attend Sunday school there. Years later, as the Mayor of Southwark, he was invited as a guest to the same church, and he made sure to be addressed as ‘Your Worship’ and wore his full regalia as Mayor, which he considered as 'poetic justice' for the church to give him the respect and recognition he deserved. He was involved in community activism on migrant welfare issues and was active in the post workers’ union. He joined the Labour party, too, seeing it as a political vehicle that could improve the life of black people. In 1982 he was elected the Labour member of Southwark council for Bellenden ward, Peckham, and a year later, when the Labour party Black Sections campaign for greater representation was formed, he was nominated to become mayor. At the time, the National Front was very active in the area. “[They] let it be known that if Sam King became the mayor of Southwark, they were going to slit my throat and burn down my house. My reply was ... I am not against them slitting my throat, but they must not burn down my house, because it is not a council house.” In 1983, King was elected as Mayor of the London Borough of Southwark, making history as the first Black mayor of Southwark, in the face of abuse and death threats. This milestone came seventy years after John Richard Archer became the first Black mayor of a London borough back in 1913. As Mayor of Southwark, he played an active role in pushing to get the pirate stations playing gospel music to become community radio stations. But this was rejected by the Home Secretary, Leon Brittan, but it didn’t deter him and others, and, in many ways laid the foundation for Premier Christian Radio to be awarded a license years later. Sam, alongside Diane Louise Jordan, was instrumental in organising the first gospel-inspired BBC 'Songs of Praise' at Southwark Cathedral in April 1985. This ground-breaking event allowed the British public to experience gospel music and Pentecostal fellowship on a BBC national show for the first time. The programme also served as a platform for Basil Meade and the London Gospel Community Choir, providing them with national exposure. As a result of the event's success, the BBC began incorporating more gospel music into their various shows. In his capacity as a local councillor, Sam presented several motions to the British Council of Churches to enable Black Majority Churches to rent or purchase church venues that were derelict or underutilized. This motion played a crucial role in facilitating the growth of Black-led church buildings and places of worship. After retiring from local politics, King focussed on preserving the experiences of his generation. He founded the Windrush Foundation with Arthur Torrington in 1996 to recognise and keep alive the memories of the young men and women who were among the first wave of post war settlers in the UK. In his later years, Sam King was best known for his efforts to establish the anniversary of the Empire Windrush's arrival as a holiday, earning him the nickname "Mr. Windrush." In 1998, he was awarded the MBE during the 50th anniversary celebrations for Windrush and also published his autobiography, "Climbing Up the Rough Side of the Mountain." In 2009, a public vote led to the installation of a Southwark blue plaque at his long-time home on Warmington Road. This was followed by the freedom of the borough of Southwark being granted to him in May 2016. Sam King MBE died on 17 June 2016, less than a week before the 68th anniversary of his arrival on the Empire Windrush: more than 500 people attended his funeral at Southwark Cathedral.  Arthur Torrington, a close friend and colleague, paid a heartfelt tribute to Sam, describing him as: “a giant with a voice that commanded respect that provided a positive message to all about the contribution of the Caribbean community but the wider benefits of migration. We need to give our gratitude to men and women like Sam who made sacrifices and laid the foundations that we take for granted today in the community.” Two years after King's death, the UK government officially designated the 22 June as Windrush Day to recognise the contributions of the Windrush generation's contributions in helping to rebuild a post-war Britain. King paved the way for people such as Labour MP Diane Abbott , who aptly said after his death “[King] played a crucial role in breaking down barriers for Black people in politics. [For] someone like me, who was fortunate to become an MP, [I} stand on the shoulders of people like Sam King.” Sources: "Sam King 'Mr Windrush' Ebook". Windrush Foundation https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/jun/30/sam-king-obituary?CMP=share_btn_tw (1) https://www.keepthefaith.co.uk/2016/07/06/sam-king-mbe-by-patrick-vernon-obe/ https://southwarkheritage.wordpress.com/2020/06/19/sam-king-and-the-windrush/ (2) https://archive.voice-online.co.uk/article/mr-windrush-sam-king-passes-away-90 https://www.postalmuseum.org/blog/sam-king-a-postal-worker-of-the-windrush-generation/#:~:text=Sam%20King%20is%20celebrated%20for,today's%20Notting%20Hill%20Carnival%20%E2%80%93%20and https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/families/time-travel-tv/a-significant-person/

Black History Month UK 2023 'Before Windrush' - exploring the lives and stories of Black Britons who were living in the UK before the arrival of Empire Windrush in 1948. Ivor Gustavus Cummings was born on 10 December 1913 in West Hartlepool. His mother, Johanna Archer was a white English nurse and his father, Ismael Cummings, was a Black doctor from Sierra Leone. He had come to England to study to be a doctor and was one of several African professionals working on the Tyneside. The couple met whilst working together at Newcastle’s Royal Victoria Infirmary. After a whirlwind romance they conceived a baby boy they named Ivor. At a young age Ivor and his mother moved to Addiscombe in Surrey, while his father returned to Sierra Leone. Ivor’s family befriended the widow of composer Samuel Coleridge-Taylor to whom they were related by marriage, and he got to know his cousins Avril and Hiwatha Coleridge-Taylor who were following in their father’s musical footsteps. Growing up in Addiscombe, Ivor was most-often the only person-of-colour in his local environment. One can only imagine how difficult it was for the young Ivor dealing with the prejudice he faced and it certainly help shape the man he would become. Ivor was privately educated and was racially bullied at school. He told how when he was at the Whitgift School how, in one particularly traumatic incident, the boys set his curly hair on fire. After that terrible incident, his father stepped in, and arranged for Ivor to come to Sierra Leone to complete his education. He thought that he would have a better time in Africa, but Ivor also struggled to fit in at school there. He was packed back off back to England and enrolled in Dulwich College in South London. Here, he excelled, and his academic talents were nurtured, but, unlike his half-brothers and sisters in Sierra Leone, poverty prevented him from going further in his education and becoming a doctor. After graduating from Dulwich College, he moved back to Sierra Leone to work briefly as a clerk for the United Africa Company in Freetown. He returned to England to look for medical scholarships but was unsuccessful and then tried to join the British Army as an officer. His application was rejected due to a law stating that all British army officers had to be “of pure European descent”. There had been a colour bar on officers in the British armed forces since the First World War. Under the 1912 Short Guide to Obtaining a Commission in the Special Reserve of Officers to qualify for a commission, a candidate had to be of pure European descent, and a British born or naturalised British subject. This unambiguous regulation was not officially lifted until the Second World War when Harold Moody mobilised the League of Coloured Peoples, the International African Service Bureau and the West African Students Union (WASU) to campaign against the colour bar. By time the ‘colour bar’ had been lifted in 1940, Cummings had taken a job as warden of Aggrey House in Bloomsbury, London and started his career in the civil service. Aggrey House was opened by the Colonial Office in October 1934 as rival accommodation to the West African Student Union (WASU) run hostels. These places provided accommodation to African and Caribbean students who might otherwise have had to face the brutal reality of being barred from renting rooms. The hostels proved to be very successful, providing practical support and creating a sense of community. However, the Colonial Office viewed the WASU-run hostels as hotbeds of Anti-Colonial activism and opened Aggrey House to monitor and discourage political discussion against the then British Empire and Commonwealth. WASU lobbied against the hostel and successfully convinced African and Caribbean students to boycott it. Aggrey House remained empty for an entire year until a deal was brooked between WASU and the Colonial Office. In his role as warden, Ivor looked after student welfare, including organising meetings and lectures and arranging dances and social events to which he invited the small contingent of black British women in an attempt to make life more pleasant for his almost exclusively male charges. He was clearly politically engaged, with speakers at Aggrey House covering themes such as ‘Present day slavery and the problem of its abolition’ by Anglo-Irish anti-slavery activist Lady Simon and hosting esteemed pan-Africanists such as George Padmore. There continued to be competition between Aggrey House and the WASU run hostels. In August 1937 Cummings even informed the police that two Aggrey residents had taken girls to spend the night at the WASU hostel.  Aggrey House closed in 1940, after reports that communists had come to dominate the House Committee and that one student had brought a sex worker into the hostel. Despite the controversy connected to Aggrey House, this was one of many instances that showed Ivor’s interest in the welfare of Black individuals. Shaped by the racial discrimination he had experienced from his school days and beyond, he tirelessly advocated for Black Britons. Rallying against police brutality, after receiving reports that Black people were being “unduly molested” by officers in the 1930s. He was a prolific press correspondent. The merest hint of a slur against people of Black Britons caused him to lift his pen. He even had an indirect hotline to the monarchy through the good offices of Edwina Mountbatten, a supporter of the 'coloured cause' (a phrase used at the time), who would report back the King's ‘supposed’ displeasure at incidents of discrimination. In their book Windrush: The Irresistible Rise of Multi-Racial Britain, authors Mike and Trevor Phillips describe Cummings as “a fastidious, elegant man, with a manner reminiscent of Noel Coward” who “chain-smoked with a long cigarette holder and addressed visitors as ‘dear boy’”. Ivor was gay and socialised in Black queer intellectual circles in the 1930s and 1940s. He enjoyed London’s night life, as a gay member of ‘the group,’ a set of African intellectuals in London which included the American singer John Payne and the British composer Reginald Foresythe, to whose Nigerian family Cummings's father was doctor in Lagos. Like these two and many others in the social and diplomatic circles in which he moved, Cummings was gay at a time when openness about homosexuality was illegal. Despite criminalisation, there was a significant underground gay community in interwar London. Individuals frequented private members clubs and other spaces. Particularly popular with the Black community was the Shim Sham club, a venue that championed jazz music from across the Atlantic. Though we don’t have evidence that Ivor visited such places, it’s entirely possible, as some of his acquaintances were known to. One of Ivor’s closest friends was the gay Guyanese dancer and bandleader Ken Johnson, a leading figure in Black British music in the 1930s. When Ken died in the 1941 bombing of the Café de Paris, Ivor led on the memorial arrangements through his position of influence at the Colonial Office and was able to obtain exemption from munitions work for band members injured in the bombing. Cummings never hid his gay friendships, according to the Conversation he provided emotional support to mixed heritage actor-turned-lawyer Paul Danquah. At Cummings’ memorial service, Paul recalled how Ivor advised him “You must not disparage your father. Your father is a very important person, and you have his heritage.” Which perfectly encapsulates his relationship with his own father and how he saw himself in the world, as a Black man living in Britain. At the onset of the Second World War, Cummings joined the Colonial Office in 1941 becoming the first Black person to obtain the position. Not surprisingly, the Colonial Office’s public relations team tried to spin his appointment as proof that there was no racial discrimination in Britain. He also served as a secretary of a new Advisory Committee on the Welfare of Colonial People in the United Kingdom, a Colonial Office initiative to assume direct responsibility for housing colonial students. And rapidly gained a reputation of someone who would help any person of colour, whatever their social standing. He used his position to fight the colour bar in boxing and and also prevented African and Caribbean merchant seamen from entering air raid shelters, as well as helping British Honduran foresters in Scotland. With the arrival of the first Caribbean RAF volunteers, his responsibilities grew, and he travelled widely to combat difficulties arising from racial prejudice. Initially minimal, these increased when the segregated US forces appeared. Although both Ivor Cummings and Learie Constantine were both members of the Welfare Office. We don’t know for sure if their paths ever crossed. In 1942, the League of Coloured Peoples commended the increasingly important and visible roles being taken up by Black individuals such as Cummings and Constantine. But they also received backlash for supporting government institutions which were perceived by many to be upholding systems of oppression at home and across the Colonies. After the war, when extra nurses were needed for the National Health Service, he recruited them via his family in Sierra Leone. He continued to work in the Colonial Office and was on close terms with many future political leaders. Like Constantine, he was recognised for his work with the Welfare Office. Ivor was awarded an OBE in the 1948 Birthday Honours. It was following this that Ivor became the official representative for West Indians immigrants arriving on the Empire Windrush. When the Colonial Office was informed of the imminent arrival of 492 job-seeking Caribbean migrants aboard the Empire Windrush via a delayed telegram from the governor of Jamaica. They became the responsibility of the second most senior officer in the Colonial Office – the 35-year-old Ivor Cummings. Cummings replied with apprehensive determination: “Although we shall do what we can for these fellows, the main problem is the complete lack of accommodation and being unable to put in hand any satisfactory reception arrangements.” Though Ivor Cummings’ involvement with Windrush was officially to greet the West Indian arrivals as an envoy of the crown and instruct them on how to find housing and jobs, he continued to support many for as long as they needed. For example, records document Cummings’ dogged efforts to help one Dudley Yapp, 30, secure employment, which Yapp finally did in Warwickshire in September 1948. It was Cummings who, after all other options were exhausted, negotiated the use of a former air raid shelter beneath Clapham Common as temporary accommodation for Windrush arrivals without any prearranged accommodation. The choice of location led to the nearby Brixton becoming a permanent centre for the African Caribbean community in Britain. Despite Cummings huge influence behind the scenes, his name is hardly ever mentioned in the Windrush story. Incredibly, the Independent newspaper revealed that he was omitted from a Brixton History Tour app. So why is Cummings’ name not remembered in the Windrush story? The answer probably lies in his sexuality. Cummings was an openly Black Gay man and consequently, over the years his story has deliberated erased. But activists within the LGBT+ community and people interested in UK Black history are reclaiming and telling his story. Cummings resigned from the Colonial Office in 1958. He’d been offered a high-ranking post in the Colonial Service in Trinidad, but he turned it down. Instead, he accepted an offer from Kwame Nkrumah, then prime minister of the newly independent Ghana, to train diplomats for foreign service. He was widely tipped to be the country’s first Black governor but was posted instead to the Ghana High Commission in London to recruit West Indian professionals, including Ulric Cross. He later worked as a training officer for Yengema Diamond Mines in Sierra Leone and then as a public relations adviser to the London-based distillers Duncan, Gilbey and Matheson. Cummings died of cancer in Westminster Hospital, on 17 October 1992, just shy of his 80th birthday. Sources: https://theconversation.com/ivor-cummings-the-forgotten-gay-mentor-of-the-windrush-generation-204880 https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-ivor-cummings-1561396.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Cummings https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/windrush-generation-ivor-cummings-pride-lgbt-brixton-memorial-a8971906.html https://beta.nationalarchives.gov.uk/explore-the-collection/stories/ivor-cummings/ https://www.thepinknews.com/2021/10/28/ivor-cummings-black-gay-windrush-civil-service-obe/ https://ca.style.yahoo.com/ivor-cummings-forgotten-gay-mentor-122517920.html